Diabetes and low carbohydrate diet - diabetes and low carbohydrate diet

Diabetes and low carbohydrate diet
CrossRef 128 Liya Wu, Klaus G. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 11, 64. CrossRef 56 Ronan Thibault, Olivier Huber, Dan E. A dietitian worked closely with the kitchen staff to adjust specific food items to specific diet groups. (A). Studies of subjects with and without diabetes have shown that sugar alcohols produce a lower postprandial glucose response than sucrose or glucose and have lower available energy ( 1 ). CrossRef 172 Noora Kanerva, Britt-Marie Loo, Johan G. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 70, 79-82. (2014) Impact of dietary macronutrient distribution on BMI and cardiometabolic outcomes in overweight and obese children and adolescents: a systematic review. CrossRef 90 Lu Qi. The intakes of total calories, protein, and fat were not limited. Although numerous studies have attempted to identify the optimal mix of macronutrients for the diabetic diet, it is unlikely that one such combination of macronutrients exists. (2015) Open Letter to the Secretaries of the U. Control of blood glucose in an effort to achieve normal or near-normal levels is a primary goal of diabetes management. ) Full Text of Discussion. Utzschneider. Reproducibility and validity of a self-administered physical activity questionnaire for male health professionals. Ferns, V. I. CrossRef 3 Hans Hauner. We aimed at an energy intake of 1500 kcal per day for women and 1800 kcal per day for men, with 30% of calories from fat, 10% of calories from saturated fat, and an intake of 300 mg of cholesterol per day. A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. We used a validated questionnaire to assess physical activity. 2015. (2016) Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Interventions for the Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Media in This Article Figure 1 Enrollment of the Participants and Completion of the Study. For patients on low-carbohydrate diets, monitor lipid profiles, renal function, and protein intake (in those with nephropathy), and adjust hypoglycemic therapy as needed. (A). (2014) Race and Gender Disparities in Nutrient Intake Are Not Related to Metabolic Syndrome in 20- to 59-Year-Old US Adults. Coffman, Stephanie Mayer, William S. Moderate amounts of alcohol, when ingested with food, have minimal acute effects on plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations ( 42 ). Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Abdominal Obesity, 447-458. R. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. (2014) Obesity and outpatient rehabilitation using mobile technologies: the potential mHealth approach. Aleksandrova. A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Clinical studies involving subjects without diabetes provide no indication that nonnutritive sweeteners in foods will cause weight loss or weight gain ( 51 ). Strickler, Eugene Fine, Joseph A. Scientific evidence of interventions using the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review. In addition to producing weight loss in this moderately obese group of participants, the low-carbohydrate and Mediterranean diets had some beneficial metabolic effects, a result suggesting that these dietary strategies might be considered in clinical practice and that diets might be individualized according to personal preferences and metabolic needs. The first nutrition priority for individuals requiring insulin therapy is to integrate an insulin regimen into their lifestyle. Similarly, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials failed to demonstrate any benefit of chromium picolinate supplementation in reducing body weight ( 81 ). In metabolic studies in which energy intake and weight are held constant, diets low in saturated fatty acids and high in either carbohydrate or cis -monounsaturated fatty acids lowered plasma LDL cholesterol equivalently ( 1, 52 ). Daniele, E. Serum levels of total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined enzymatically with a Wako R-30 automatic analyzer, with coefficients of variation of 1. DiNicolantonio. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Genetic susceptibility appears to play a powerful role in the occurrence of type 2 diabetes. Fiber, fructose, lactose, and fat are dietary constituents that tend to lower glycemic response. Blood glucose levels in the normal range or as close to normal as is safely possible. ) Fruit Pulp on Brain Health and Performance. Results The rate of adherence to a study diet was 95. Whelton, J. Selection of food items for inclusion in a newly developed food-frequency questionnaire. B. (E). Masana, J. Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome. MNT, as illustrated in Table 1, plays a role in all three levels of diabetes-related prevention targeted by the U. CrossRef 97 Lee Hooper, Nicole Martin, Asmaa Abdelhamid, George Davey Smith, Lee Hooper. Saris, Arne Astrup. With the use of a wall-mounted stadiometer, height was measured to the nearest millimeter at baseline for determination of BMI. Ayala Canfi), the workplace cafeteria managers (Naftali Tal, Yitzchak Chen, Yair Tubul, and the Norcate Company), the adviser researchers (Drs. (2016) A community-based lifestyle and weight loss intervention promoting a Mediterranean-style diet pattern evaluated in the stroke belt of North Carolina: the Heart Healthy Lenoir Project. For planned exercise, insulin doses can be adjusted. Ferrie, Marianna Virtanen, Gordon Lowe, Mark Hamer, Mika Kivimaki. (2014) Low carbohydrate diets: going against the grain. CrossRef 8 Basilio Moreno, Ana B Crujeiras, Diego Bellido, Ignacio Sajoux, Felipe F Casanueva. The previous position statement with accompanying technical review was published in 2002 ( 1 ) and modified slightly in 2004 ( 2 ). Thus, saturated fatty acids trans fatty acids, and cholesterol intake. Lifestyle changes characterized by increased energy intake and decreased physical activity appear to have together promoted overweight and obesity, which are strong risk factors for diabetes. Leung, C. CrossRef 49 N. Low-carbohydrate diets might seem to be a logical approach to lowering postprandial glucose. CrossRef 5 Yoshio Tokuchi, Yayoi Nakamura, Yusuke Munekata, Fumio Tokuchi. Levels of fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and liver enzymes were measured in fresh samples. S. No nutrition recommendations can be made for the prevention of type 1 diabetes at this time ( 1 ). Wareham, Nita G. Care of the Obese Patient. A 2004 ADA statement addressed the effects of the amount and type of carbohydrate in diabetes management ( 40 ). CrossRef 80 Javier Perona. Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Human Health and Disease Prevention, 169-178. Merino, G. (2016) Effects of diet composition on weight loss, metabolic factors and biomarkers in a 1-year weight loss intervention in obese women examined by baseline insulin resistance status. However, there is no evidence that the amounts of sugar alcohols likely to be consumed will reduce glycemia, energy intake, or weight. Erkrankungen des Stoffwechsels. Defeudis, P. Therefore, it is important that health care providers be aware when patients with diabetes are using these products and look for unusual side effects and herb-drug or herb-herb interactions NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS FOR SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Nutrition interventions for type 1 diabetes Recommendations. To study changes over time and the effects of sex or the presence or absence of diabetes, we added appropriate interaction terms. Olive Oil in Metabolic Syndrome. CrossRef 89 Patricia Davidson, Dwight Davidson. (2016) Low carbohydrate diet-based intervention for obstructive sleep apnea and primary hypothyroidism in an obese Japanese man. 2015. This position statement provides evidence-based recommendations and interventions for diabetes MNT. Insulin-to-carbohydrate ratios can be used to adjust mealtime insulin doses. (2015) Glycemic index, glycemic load and glycemic response: An International Scientific Consensus Summit from the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC). Plasma glucose monitoring can be used to determine whether adjustments in foods and meals will be sufficient to achieve blood glucose goals or if medication(s) needs to be combined with MNT. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 38:6, 508-554. The glycemic index of a food is the increase above fasting in the blood glucose area over 2 h after ingestion of a constant amount of that food (usually a 50-g carbohydrate portion) divided by the response to a reference food (usually glucose or white bread). e9. La Vecchia, G. 1 kg every month. The goal of these recommendations is to make people with diabetes and health care providers aware of beneficial nutrition interventions. The role of lifestyle modification in the management of weight and type 2 diabetes was recently reviewed ( 13 ). However, we believe that similar strategies to maintain adherence could be applied elsewhere. A 2005 American Diabetes Association statement addresses diabetes MNT for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes ( 88 ). CrossRef 62 Christos Kontogiorgis, Georgia-Eirini Deligiannidou, Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina, Diamanto Lazari, Athanasios Papadopoulos. Ofra Paz-Tal, Assaf Rudich, Amir Tirosh, Ilana Harman-Bohem, and Ronit Andvelt), and the members of the DIRECT steering committee (Prof. Routine supplementation with antioxidants, such as vitamins E and C and carotene, is not advised because of lack of evidence of efficacy and concern related to long-term safety. The dietary intake of protein for individuals with diabetes is similar to that of the general public and usually does not exceed 20% of energy intake. CrossRef 149 Megan L Gow, Mandy Ho, Tracy L Burrows, Louise A Baur, Laura Stewart, Melinda J Hutchesson, Chris T Cowell, Clare E Collins, Sarah P Garnett. (2015) The Role of Grain Legumes in the Prevention of Hypercholesterolemia and Hypertension. CrossRef 94 Katherine Esposito, Maria Ida Maiorino, Giuseppe Bellastella, Paolo Chiodini, Demosthenes Panagiotakos, Dario Giugliano. Parhofer. M. Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Results Characteristics of the Participants The baseline characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1 Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population. Strauss, Jamiyla Bolton, Leslie Gaillard, Elizabeth Strawbridge, William S. Of note, reduced intake of fat, particularly saturated fat, may reduce risk for diabetes by producing an energy-independent improvement in insulin resistance ( 1, 33, 34 ), as well as by promoting weight loss. The dietitians met with their groups in weeks 1, 3, 5, and 7 and thereafter at 6-week intervals, for a total of 18 sessions of 90 minutes each. The increasing improvement in levels of some biomarkers over time up to the 24-month point, despite the achievement of maximum weight loss by 6 months, suggests that a diet with a healthful composition has benefits beyond weight reduction. Simpson, David Raubenheimer. Buono, A. This possible sex-specific difference should be explored in further studies. Blood pressure was measured every 3 months with the use of an automated system (Datascop Acutor 4) after 5 minutes of rest. Sievenpiper, A. Additionally, intake of other nutrients ingested with sucrose, such as fat, need to be taken into account, and care should be taken to avoid excess energy intake. 2015. However, there are no published long-term studies in subjects with diabetes to prove benefit from the use of resistant starch. Short-term studies have demonstrated that moderate weight loss (5% of body weight) in subjects with type 2 diabetes is associated with decreased insulin resistance, improved measures of glycemia and lipemia, and reduced blood pressure ( 13 ). (ClinicalTrials. (2015) Self-Directed Weight Loss Strategies: Energy Expenditure Due to Physical Activity Is Not Increased to Achieve Intended Weight Loss. When very-low-calorie diets are stopped and self-selected meals are reintroduced, weight regain is common. (2014) Comparison of the long-term effects of high-fat v. All cardiovascular risk factors except hypercholesterolemia improved in the surgical patients. (2013) Dietary Carbohydrates, Refined Grains, Glycemic Load, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Chinese Adults. (2015) The 2012 University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences centenary debate. The 15% of participants who requested aid in completing the questionnaires were assisted by the study nurse. (2014) The Treatment of Obese Pregnant Women (TOP) study: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of physical activity intervention assessed by pedometer with or without dietary intervention in obese pregnant women. (2013) Long Term Successful Weight Loss with a Combination Biphasic Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet and Mediterranean Diet Maintenance Protocol. Individuals with type 2 diabetes are encouraged to implement lifestyle modifications that reduce intakes of energy, saturated and trans fatty acids, cholesterol, and sodium and to increase physical activity in an effort to improve glycemia, dyslipidemia, and blood pressure. Carlsen, Dina Cortes, Ole Pryds, Niels J. CrossRef 42 Deborah L. (2016) Effectiveness of Workplace Weight Management Interventions: a Systematic Review. We used the Israeli food database 23 in the analysis of the results of the dietary questionnaires. CrossRef 179 Leah T Coles, Elly A Fletcher, Claire E Galbraith, Peter M Clifton. (2014) Effects of low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets on apparent digestibility of minerals and trace elements in rats. 2017. CrossRef 91 Lee Hooper, Asmaa Abdelhamid, Diane Bunn, Tracey Brown, Carolyn D Summerbell, C Murray Skeaff, Lee Hooper. Moreover, the variability in responses to specific carbohydrate-containing food is a concern ( 48 ). If adults with diabetes choose to use alcohol, daily intake should be limited to a moderate amount (one drink per day or less for women and two drinks per day or less for men). CrossRef 65 Edward Milbank, M. (2014) Diets and the Heart. Cozma, A. Foods with low glycemic indexes include oats, barley, bulgur, beans, lentils, legumes, pasta, pumpernickel (coarse rye) bread, apples, oranges, milk, yogurt, and ice cream. The risk of comorbidity associated with excess adipose tissue increases with BMIs in this range and above. Williams, L. (2016) Effect of plant-based diets on obesity-related inflammatory profiles: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention trials. (2014) Patient freedom to choose a weight loss diet in the treatment of overweight and obesity: a randomized dietary intervention in type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes. (B). Both the Finnish Diabetes Prevention study and the DPP focused on reduced intake of calories (using reduced dietary fat as a dietary intervention). (B). (2015) Calorie for Calorie, Dietary Fat Restriction Results in More Body Fat Loss than Carbohydrate Restriction in People with Obesity. 22 Nutritional and Color Labeling of Food in the Cafeteria Lunch is typically the main meal in Israel. Yang, Y. CrossRef 151 Lena Frommelt, Maximilian Bielohuby, Barbara J. (2015) Medical school-based teaching kitchen improves HbA1c, blood pressure, and cholesterol for patients with type 2 diabetes: Results from a novel randomized controlled trial. CrossRef 130 G. Robert C. 2015. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 58:5, 269-275. Uncontrolled diabetes is often associated with micronutrient deficiencies ( 71 ). GOALS OF MNT FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DIABETES Goals of MNT that apply to individuals at risk for diabetes or with pre-diabetes. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 28:1, 19-33. Denyer, I. (E). Bottai. Blood pressure levels in the normal range or as close to normal as is safely possible. Troughton, L. (2016) A randomized controlled trial to determine the efficacy of a high carbohydrate and high protein ready-to-eat food product for weight loss. (E). (2016) Epigenetics and nutrition-related epidemics of metabolic diseases: Current perspectives and challenges. Thus, intake of sucrose and sucrose-containing foods by people with diabetes does not need to be restricted because of concern about aggravating hyperglycemia. Saturated and trans fatty acids are the principal dietary determinants of plasma LDL cholesterol. Use of meal replacements once or twice daily to replace a usual meal can result in significant weight loss. Yancy. (2016) The effects on weight loss and gene expression in adipose and hepatic tissues of very-low carbohydrate and low-fat isoenergetic diets in diet-induced obese mice. (2014) Functional foods and cardiometabolic diseases. CrossRef 157 Lukas Schwingshackl, Georg Hoffmann. Daniel Abraham International Center for Health and Nutrition, Ben-Gurion University, Israel. (2015) Grain legumes and further gluten free legumes—Science, technology and impacts on human health. This is probably because the central nervous system plays an important role in regulating energy intake and expenditure. Hu, L. D. As for the general population, people with diabetes are encouraged to consume a variety of fiber-containing foods. CrossRef 171 Katherine Esposito, Dario Giugliano. CrossRef 182 Rena Zelig, Marc Cohen, Patricia Davidson, Jane Ziegler. Secher. Conclusions Mediterranean and low-carbohydrate diets may be effective alternatives to low-fat diets. Increasing overweight and obesity in youth appears to be related to the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes, particularly in minority adolescents. Wang, Russell Griffin, Suzanne Judd, Nathan I Shapiro, Monika M. However, carbohydrate coingested with alcohol may raise blood glucose. Several studies have demonstrated the potential for moderate, sustained weight loss to substantially reduce the risk for type 2 diabetes, regardless of whether weight loss was achieved by lifestyle changes alone or with adjunctive therapies such as medication or bariatricsurgery (see energy balance section) ( 1 ). Adaptation of international nutrition databases and data-entry system tools to a specific population. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. CrossRef 99 Isabel Sospedra, Raquel Moral, Raquel Escrich, Montserrat Solanas, Elena Vela, Eduard Escrich. A meta-analysis of studies of bariatric surgery reported that 77% of individuals with type 2 diabetes had complete resolution of diabetes (normalization of blood glucose levels in the absence of medications), and diabetes was resolved or improved in 86% ( 23 ). Khunti, M. NUTRITION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES (SECONDARY PREVENTION) Carbohydrate in diabetes management Recommendations. CrossRef 67 Ji Soo Oh, Hyesook Kim, Ki Nam Kim, Namsoo Chang. Via, Jeffrey I. CrossRef 22 Shalini Vaid, Lynae Hanks, Russell Griffin, Ambika P. Since overweight and obesity are closely linked to diabetes, particular attention is paid to this area of MNT. Wes Schilling, Patrick Gerard. , lipid profile). Aronne. Mediterranean Diet The moderate-fat, restricted-calorie, Mediterranean diet was rich in vegetables and low in red meat, with poultry and fish replacing beef and lamb. The FDA has approved five nonnutritive sweeteners for use in the U. (2015) Man shall not live by bread alone. CrossRef 87 Tian Hu, Lu Yao, Kristi Reynolds, Paul Whelton, Tianhua Niu, Shengxu Li, Jiang He, Lydia Bazzano. (2014) Mediterranean diet intervention for patients with hyperuricemia: a pilot study. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 115:12, 1965-1974. In diabetes management, it is important to match doses of insulin and insulin secretagogues to the carbohydrate content of meals. (2015) Revisiting weight reduction and management in the diabetic patient: Novel therapies provide new strategies. Raynor, Catherine M. (2015) The effect of three different ad libitum diets for weight loss maintenance: a randomized 18-month trial. (2015) The Anti-cancer and Anti-obesity Effects of Mediterranean Diet. (2014) Personalized nutrition and obesity. Xiang, G. (2014) The Effects of a Mediterranean Diet on the Need for Diabetes Drugs and Remission of Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: Follow-up of a Randomized Trial. 2015. Vetter, Anastassia Amaro, Sheri Volger. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. He, L. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. -T. (2015) Effects of nutrition education on weight gain prevention: a randomized controlled trial. 2015. Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. CrossRef 7 Tomomi Yamazaki, Sumire Okawa, Mayumi Takahashi. (B). CrossRef 39 Eli Heggen, Mette Svendsen, Tor Ole Klemsdal, Serena Tonstad. CrossRef 126 Lionel Opie. Petersen, P. This requires the use of the best available scientific evidence while taking into account treatment goals, strategies to attain such goals, and changes individuals with diabetes are willing and able to make. Krogh, D. 2016. Dietary protein and its relationships to hypoglycemia and nephropathy are addressed in later sections. 2015. The participants were counseled to consume low-fat grains, vegetables, fruits, and legumes and to limit their consumption of additional fats, sweets, and high-fat snacks. The type of alcohol-containing beverage consumed does not appear to make a difference. Care should be taken to avoid excess energy intake. Baer-Sinnott, A. In other studies, when energy intake was reduced, the adverse effects of high-carbohydrate diets were not observed ( 53, 54 ). The glycemic index of foods was developed to compare the postprandial responses to constant amounts of different carbohydrate-containing foods ( 46 ). Both the quantity and the type or source of carbohydrates found in foods influence postprandial glucose levels. Perri. g. CrossRef 114 Maria Luz Fernandez. 23 Shai I, Vardi H, Shahar DR, Azrad BA, Fraser D. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 45:3, 581-604. In overweight and obese insulin-resistant individuals, modest weight loss has been shown to improve insulin resistance. CrossRef 83 Sascha Rohn, Leo van Griensven. Occasional use of alcoholic beverages should be considered an addition to the regular meal plan, and no food should be omitted. CrossRef 106 R. 6% at 2 years. CrossRef 32 Xiaowen He, Jie Pan, Mingxia Pan, Jiawei Wang, Jingfen Dong, Hongdi Yuan, Lei Zhou, Minhua Chen, Yunfen Chen, Yiping Lu, Huiqin Gu, Yanshu Chen, Liqin Wu, Yajuan Chen, Fubi Jin, Bijun Li, Wei Gu. gov number, NCT00160108. The criteria for eligibility were an age of 40 to 65 years and a body-mass index (BMI, the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of at least 27, or the presence of type 2 diabetes (according to the American Diabetes Association criteria 18 ) or coronary heart disease, regardless of age and BMI. Figure 2 Weight Changes during 2 Years According to Diet Group. (2014) Personalized weight loss strategies—the role of macronutrient distribution. Overall, the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ( Figure 3D ) decreased during both the weight-loss and the maintenance phases. This statement updates previous position statements, focuses on key references published since the year 2000, and uses grading according to the level of evidence available based on the American Diabetes Association evidence-grading system. Research including long-term trials is needed to assess the safety and potentially beneficial role of chromium, magnesium, and antioxidant supplements and other complementary therapies in the management of type 2 diabetes ( 71a, 71b ). (2016) Low Carbohydrate and Moderately Fat-Reduced Diets Similarly Affected Early Weight Gain in Varenicline-Treated Overweight or Obese Smokers. The Mediterranean Diet Versus a Low-Fat Diet, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Obesity. Although brain fuel needs can be met on lower-carbohydrate diets, long-term metabolic effects of very-low-carbohydrate diets are unclear, and such diets eliminate many foods that are important sources of energy, fiber, vitamins, and minerals and are important in dietary palatability ( 22 ). In individuals with diabetes, limit dietary cholesterol to. (2015) Effects of Mediterranean-style diet on glycemic control, weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetes individuals: a meta-analysis. (2015) Effectiveness of weight loss interventions - is there a difference between men and women: a systematic review. (2016) Obesity treatment by very low-calorie-ketogenic diet at two years: reduction in visceral fat and on the burden of disease. Individuals with diabetes should be aware of the importance of acquiring daily vitamin and mineral requirements from natural food sources and a balanced diet. (2016) The Deep Correlation between Energy Metabolism and Reproduction: A View on the Effects of Nutrition for Women Fertility. Finally, one might argue that the unique nature of the workplace in this study, which permitted a closely monitored dietary intervention for a period of 2 years, makes it difficult to generalize the results to other free-living populations. CrossRef 131 Emilie Daoud, Celena Scheede-Bergdahl, Andreas Bergdahl. CrossRef 26 Arne Astrup, Beth Rice Bradley, J. (E). A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial. A modified Mediterranean diet, in which polyunsaturated fatty acids were substituted for monounsaturated fatty acids, reduced overall mortality in elderly Europeans by 7% ( 59 ). Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 48:1, 42-53. CrossRef 64 Clare Robertson, Alison Avenell, Charles Boachie, Fiona Stewart, Daryll Archibald, Flora Douglas, Pat Hoddinott, Edwin van Teijlingen, Dwayne Boyers. Turner, William S. We transformed physical-activity scores into metabolic equivalents per week 27 according to the amount of time spent in various forms of exercise per week, with each activity weighted in terms of its level of intensity. Primary prevention interventions seek to delay or halt the development of diabetes. A randomized controlled trial of a moderate-fat, low-energy diet compared with a low fat, low-energy diet for weight loss in overweight adults. Buniak, Louis J. Menendez, Jorge Joven. (2014) A Mediterranean diet improves HbA1c but not fasting blood glucose compared to alternative dietary strategies: a network meta-analysis. However, long-term weight loss is difficult for most people to accomplish. CrossRef 142 M. Excessive amounts of alcohol (three or more drinks per day), on a consistent basis, contributes to hyperglycemia ( 42 ). (2014) Factors associated with choice of a low-fat or low-carbohydrate diet during a behavioral weight loss intervention. The DAFNE (Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating) study ( 85 ) demonstrated that patients can learn how to use glucose testing to better match insulin to carbohydrate intake. Glucose metabolism is not likely to be adversely affected. Traditional and Nontraditional Treatments for Diabetes. This involves public health measures to reduce the prevalence of obesity and includes MNT for individuals with pre-diabetes. a Low-Fat Diet on Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Kales. Clinical trial data from both the Finnish Diabetes Prevention study ( 25 ) and the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) in the U. (2014) The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture. Niu, S. CrossRef 134 Richard Shriner, Mark Gold. Meal replacements are an important part of the Look AHEAD weight loss intervention ( 17 ). Our results suggest that health care professionals might consider more than one dietary approach, according to individual preferences and metabolic needs, as long as the effort is sustained. CrossRef 76 R Huo, T Du, Y Xu, W Xu, X Chen, K Sun, X Yu. Dietary Patterns and Insulin Resistance. CrossRef 46 Hermann Toplak, Friedrich Hoppichler, Thomas C. Moreover, both moderate-intensity and vigorous exercise can improve insulin sensitivity, independent of weight loss, and reduce risk for type 2 diabetes ( 1 ). Exercise and physical activity, by themselves, have only a modest weight loss effect. J. Healthy lifestyle nutrition recommendations for the general public are also appropriate for individuals with type 2 diabetes. CrossRef 34 V W Zhong, A P Lamichhane, J L Crandell, S C Couch, A D Liese, N S The, B A Tzeel, D Dabelea, J M Lawrence, S M Marcovina, G Kim, E J Mayer-Davis. Therefore, the use of added fructose as a sweetening agent in the diabetic diet is not recommended. (2014) Diabetic dyslipidemia. Low-Fat Diet The low-fat, restricted-calorie diet was based on American Heart Association 20 guidelines. In select groups such as the elderly, pregnant or lactating women, strict vegetarians, or those on calorie-restricted diets, a multivitamin supplement may be needed ( 1 ). Keogh. (2014) Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies. Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services on the Creation of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Abdominal Obesity, 261-279. J. We observed two phases of weight change: initial weight loss and weight maintenance. We used SPSS software, version 15, and Stata software, version 9, for the statistical analysis. Although such diets may produce short-term weight loss and improved glycemia, it has not been established that these benefits are maintained long term, and long-term effects on kidney function for persons with diabetes are unknown. Nutrition counseling should be sensitive to the personal needs, willingness to change, and ability to make changes of the individual with pre-diabetes or diabetes. Although the accompanying small rise in plasma LDL cholesterol is of concern, an increase in HDL cholesterol may offset this concern ( 60 ). Soft gel capsules containing plant sterols are also available. Twenty participants initiated blood-pressure treatment, five initiated medications for glycemic control, and one reduced the dosage of medications for glycemic control. Farhat, Doris Jaalouk, Serine Francis. g. CrossRef 156 Sylvia H Ley, Osama Hamdy, Viswanathan Mohan, Frank B Hu. Benefit from chromium supplementation in individuals with diabetes or obesity has not been clearly demonstrated and therefore can not be recommended. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. (2015) Biologic Responses to Weight Loss and Weight Regain: Report From an American Diabetes Association Research Symposium. 2015. Among all diet groups, weight loss was greater for those who completed the 24-month study than for those who did not. 2015. e18. (2016) Weight loss diet studies: we need help not hype. Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health: A Review. Therefore, these nutrition recommendations start by considering energy balance and weight loss strategies. (2016) Body mass index and glycemic control influence lipoproteins in children with type 1 diabetes. CrossRef 186 (2014) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes--2014. Livesey, S. The electronic questionnaire helped to ensure completeness of the data by prompting the participant when a question was not answered, and it permitted rapid automated reporting by the group dietitians. Dietary intake in the Diabetes Prevention Program cohort: baseline and 1-year post randomization. (2016) Should weight loss and maintenance programmes be designed differently for men. Unfortunately, there are no studies examining the effects of dietary intervention on circulating levels of antioxidants and inflammatory biomarkers in diabetic volunteers. Salvatore, V. Sugar alcohols and nonnutritive sweeteners are safe when consumed within the daily intake levels established by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The best mix of carbohydrate, protein, and fat appears to vary depending on individual circumstances. Rivellese, F. The Mediterranean-diet group consumed the largest amounts of dietary fiber and had the highest ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fat (P Full Text of Results. Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991. In nondiabetic individuals, reducing saturated and trans fatty acids and cholesterol intakes decreases plasma total and LDL cholesterol. Heinze, Hubert Preissl, Andreas Fritsche, Sabine Frank. Siri-Tarino. For individuals receiving basal-bolus insulin therapy, the total carbohydrate content of meals and snacks is the major determinant of bolus insulin doses ( 84 ). The effect of polyphenols in olive oil on heart disease risk factors: a randomized trial. The importance of controlling body weight in reducing risks related to diabetes is of great importance. Augustin, V. Citing Articles 1 Bruce Gardner, Fahad Pervez. The long-term benefits and risks of bariatric surgery in individuals with pre-diabetes or diabetes continue to be studied. 2014. Champagne. (2014) Mediterranean Diet and Workplace Health Promotion. Examples are meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, and soy. The importance of preventing type 2 diabetes is highlighted by the substantial worldwide increase in the prevalence of diabetes in recent years. Because many individuals also have dyslipidemia and hypertension, reducing saturated and trans fatty acids, cholesterol, and sodium is often desirable. Potential methodological problems with the glycemic index have been noted ( 47 ). Yu, X. Clinical trial data not only indicate the lack of benefit with respect to glycemic control and progression of complications but also provide evidence of the potential harm of vitamin E, carotene, and other antioxidant supplements ( 1, 72, 73 ). Effects of total fat intake on body weight. The mean age was 52 years and the mean BMI was 31. CrossRef 165 T. , tea, cocoa, coffee) are inconclusive. In addition, a group of spouses received education to strengthen their support of the participants (data not shown). CrossRef 73 Deirdre K Tobias, Mu Chen, JoAnn E Manson, David S Ludwig, Walter Willett, Frank B Hu. M. We analyzed the dietary-composition data and biomarkers with the use of raw unadjusted means, without imputation of missing data. Tosh, Jenni Nix, Pedro Urday, Daphne Tice, Leah Sarris, Timothy S. There is insufficient evidence to demonstrate efficacy of individual herbs and supplements in diabetes management ( 82 ). (2014) Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in a Patient With Metabolic Syndrome. 2016. Alfredo Martinez, Santiago Navas-Carretero, Wim H. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 34, 1-14. Riccardi, A. Insulin secretory response normally maintains blood glucose in a narrow range, but in individuals with diabetes, defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, or both impair regulation of postprandial glucose in response to dietary carbohydrate. (2015) Treating the patient with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (2014) The association between Mediterranean Diet Score and glucokinase regulatory protein gene variation on the markers of cardiometabolic risk: an analysis in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk study. Since diabetes may be a state of increased oxidative stress, there has been interest in antioxidant therapy. Achieving nutrition-related goals requires a coordinated team effort that includes the person with diabetes and involves him or her in the decision-making process. Rana, Loki Natarajan. Gerofi, L. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. (2014) The low-carbohydrate diet and cardiovascular risk factors: Evidence from epidemiologic studies. Leung, G.


The homeostasis model in the San Antonio Heart Study. (2016) Twelve key nutritional issues in bariatric surgery. S. The monthly measurements of weight permitted a better understanding of the weight-loss trajectory than was the case in previous studies. (A). CrossRef 113 Antonio Paoli, Gerardo Bosco. Hu, L. For weight loss, either low-carbohydrate or low-fat calorie-restricted diets may be effective in the short term (up to 1 year). Third-party payers may not provide adequate benefits for sufficient MNT frequency and time to achieve weight loss goals ( 18 ). 2015. (A). CrossRef 102 Hiu Yee Kwan, Xiaojuan Chao, Tao Su, Xiuqiong Fu, Anfernee Kai Wing Tse, Wang Fun Fong, Zhi-Ling Yu. 3% for cholesterol and 2. Sucrose can be substituted for other carbohydrate sources in the meal plan or, if added to the meal plan, adequately covered with insulin or another glucose-lowering medication. (E). However, exercise and physical activity are to be encouraged because they improve insulin sensitivity independent of weight loss, acutely lower blood glucose, and are important in long-term maintenance of weight loss ( 1 ). CrossRef 169 K Strohacker, J M McCaffery, P S MacLean, R R Wing. Health care providers should focus on nutrition counseling rather than micronutrient supplementation in order to reach metabolic control of their patients. Thus, very-low-calorie diets appear to have limited utility in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and should only be considered in conjunction with a structured weight loss program. S ( 26 ) strongly support the potential for moderate weight loss to reduce the risk for type 2 diabetes. Mirrahimi, A. Goals of MNT that apply to individuals with diabetes. 1% for triglycerides. Chromium, potassium, magnesium, and possibly zinc deficiency may aggravate carbohydrate intolerance. Abstention from alcohol should be advised for people with a history of alcohol abuse or dependence, women during pregnancy, and people with medical problems such as liver disease, pancreatitis, advanced neuropathy, or severe hypertriglyceridemia. CrossRef 57 Roberta Fontana, Sara Torre. The level of glycated hemoglobin was determined with the use of Cobas Integra reagents and equipment. Obesity prevention programs for children and youth: why are their results so modest. (2015) A high-fat, high-saturated fat diet decreases insulin sensitivity without changing intra-abdominal fat in weight-stable overweight and obese adults. Consumption of monounsaturated fats is thought to improve insulin sensitivity, 14,31,32 an effect that may explain the favorable effect of the Mediterranean diet on glucose and insulin levels. Lankarani, Seyed Moayed Alavian. The results imply that dietary composition modifies metabolic biomarkers in addition to leading to weight loss. (2013) Obesity and risk of sepsis: A population-based cohort study. A. The Mediterranean Diet and Adiposity. (2016) Adherence to low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets in relation to weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors. Diet, insulin resistance, and obesity: zoning in on data for Atkins dieters living in South Beach. Rozza, F. Halladay, Alice S. Reducing saturated fatty acids may also reduce HDL cholesterol. Reynolds, T. Quon. (B). Allison, Arne Astrup. (A). However, foods that contain carbohydrate are important sources of energy, fiber, vitamins, and minerals and are important in dietary palatability. However, it is important that all team members, including physicians and nurses, be knowledgeable about MNT and support its implementation. CrossRef 139 Jim Mann, Rachael McLean, Murray Skeaff, Lisa Te Morenga. CrossRef 191 Michel Lorgeril. Insulin resistance, low-fat diets, and low-carbohydrate diets: time to test new menus. Changes in serum triglyceride and HDL cholesterol were more favorable with the low-carbohydrate diets. (2015) Effect of High Fat Diets on Body Mass, Oleylethanolamide Plasma Levels and Oxytocin Expression in Growing Rats. 120 g). S. Fong, J. Individuals using rapid-acting insulin by injection or an insulin pump should adjust the meal and snack insulin doses based on the carbohydrate content of the meals and snacks. Obesity and Diabetes. Li, P. (2014) Food Addiction: An Evolving Nonlinear Science. Importantly, the ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol is not adversely affected. (A). Each food item was provided with a label showing the number of calories and the number of grams of carbohydrates, fat, and saturated fat, according to an analysis based on the Israeli nutritional database. Kassimos. (E). The participants were randomly assigned within strata of sex, age (below or above the median), BMI (below or above the median), history of coronary heart disease (yes or no), history of type 2 diabetes (yes or no), and current use of statins (none, The members of each of the three diet groups were assigned to subgroups of 17 to 19 participants, with six subgroups for each group. Although there are insufficient data at present to warrant any specific recommendations for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in youth, interventions similar to those shown to be effective for prevention of type 2 diabetes in adults (lifestyle changes including reduced energy intake and regular physical activity) are likely to be beneficial. (2016) Meta-analysis of variance: an illustration comparing the effects of two dietary interventions on variability in weight. Dietary evaluation and attenuation of relative risk: multiple comparisons between blood and urinary biomarkers, food frequency, and 24-hour recall questionnaires: the DEARR study. 2015. High-protein diets are not recommended as a method for weight loss at this time. W. (2016) Association of adherence to a Mediterranean diet with glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in youth with type I diabetes: the SEARCH Nutrition Ancillary Study. (2015) Long-term Adherence to Healthy Dietary Guidelines and Chronic Inflammation in the Prospective Whitehall II Study. Bazzano. Very-long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid studies in individuals with diabetes have primarily used fish oil supplements. The primary goal with respect to dietary fat in individuals with diabetes is to limit saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol intakes so as to reduce risk for CVD. (2015) Low Carbohydrate Rather Than Low Fat Is More Important in Dietary Management of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. CrossRef 79 Mash Hamid, Clare Stradling, Shahrad Taheri, G Thomas. In individuals with type 2 diabetes, ingested protein can increase insulin response without increasing plasma glucose concentrations. The changes we observed in levels of adiponectin and leptin, 30 which were consistent in all groups, reflect loss of weight. We assessed the within-person changes from baseline in each diet group with the use of pairwise comparisons. Intrinsic variables that influence the effect of carbohydrate-containing foods on blood glucose response include the specific type of food ingested, type of starch (amylose versus amylopectin), style of preparation (cooking method and time, amount of heat or moisture used), ripeness, and degree of processing. ) beverage. Caterson. Forouhi. (2014) Effects of Dietary Macronutrients on Plasma Lipid Levels and the Consequence for Cardiovascular Disease. (2016) Relationship between fruit and fish intakes and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Korean women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Based on the 4th and 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Although selected micronutrients may affect glucose and insulin metabolism, to date, there are no convincing data that document their role in the development of diabetes. (2015) The Effects of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet vs. If these products are used, they should displace, rather than be added to, the diet to avoid weight gain. Walter, Laura Yannai. For unplanned exercise, intake of additional carbohydrate is usually needed. (2015) A journey into a Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analyses. In addition, commercially available products are not standardized and vary in the content of active ingredients. (B). CrossRef 125 Adela Hruby, Frank B. (E). Dietary fat and cholesterol in diabetes management Recommendations. (2014) Favorable effects of low-fat and low-carbohydrate dietary patterns on serum leptin, but not adiponectin, among overweight and obese premenopausal women: a randomized trial. CrossRef 161 K. Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. One alcohol containing beverage is defined as 12 oz beer, 5 oz wine, or 1. A 2004 American Diabetes Association statement reviewed this issue in depth ( 40 ), and issues related to the role of glycemic index and glycemic load in diabetes management are addressed in more detail in the carbohydrate section of this document. M. S. (2014) Adaptations of leptin, ghrelin or insulin during weight loss as predictors of weight regain: a review of current literature. Waist circumference was measured halfway between the last rib and the iliac crest. Several methods can be used to estimate the nutrient content of meals, including carbohydrate counting, the exchange system, and experience-based estimation. 2015. (2013) Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease: Historical Perspective and Latest Evidence. Although low-fat diets have traditionally been promoted for weight loss, two randomized controlled trials found that subjects on low-carbohydrate diets lost more weight at 6 months than subjects on low-fat diets ( 19, 20 ). To reduce risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia in individuals using insulin or insulin secretagogues, alcohol should be consumed with food. Vetrani. The few small clinical studies involving diabetes and functional foods thought to have high antioxidant potential (e. Clifton, J. It is, therefore, important at all levels of diabetes prevention (see Table 1 ). For individuals using fixed daily insulin doses, carbohydrate intake on a day-to-day basis should be kept consistent with respect to time and amount. Milkman, Jason Riis. Sheiner. (2014) Lifestyle Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Diet Composition, Food Provision, and Treatment Modality on Weight Loss. A variety of methods can be used to estimate the nutrient content of meals, including carbohydrate counting, the exchange system, and experience-based estimation. Nolan-Clark. Genotype Modifies Effect of a Weight-Loss Diet on 2-Year Changes of Insulin Resistance: The POUNDS LOST Trial. Palatability, limited food choices, and gastrointestinal side effects are potential barriers to achieving such high-fiber intakes. Gao, W. CrossRef 154 Gianluca Castelnuovo, Gian Mauro Manzoni, Giada Pietrabissa, Stefania Corti, Emanuele Maria Giusti, Enrico Molinari, Susan Simpson. S. Evening consumption of alcohol may increase the risk of nocturnal and fasting hypoglycemia, particularly in individuals with type 1 diabetes ( 70 ). L. Secondary and tertiary prevention interventions include MNT for individuals with diabetes and seek to prevent (secondary) or control (tertiary) complications of diabetes. Each diet group was assigned a registered dietitian who led all six subgroups of that group. (B). Herbal preparations also have the potential to interact with other medications ( 83 ). CrossRef 33 T Wang, T Huang, Y Zheng, J Rood, G A Bray, F M Sacks, L Qi. CrossRef 160 Mercedes Sotos-Prieto, Robert Luben, Kay-Tee Khaw, Nicholas J. 26 At baseline and at 6, 12, and 24 months of follow-up, the questionnaires were self-administered electronically through the workplace intranet. Fiber. Shu, H. A wide range of foods and beverages are now available that contain plant sterols. CrossRef 152 Katherine Esposito, Maria Ida Maiorino, Michela Petrizzo, Giuseppe Bellastella, Dario Giugliano. However, given that population gene pools shift very slowly over time, the current epidemic of diabetes likely reflects changes in lifestyle leading to diabetes. (E). (2014) Management of Dyslipidemia as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Individuals With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. (C). (2014) Mediterranean Diet and Diabetes: Prevention and Treatment. Extrinsic variables that may influence glucose response include fasting or preprandial blood glucose level, macronutrient distribution of the meal in which the food is consumed, available insulin, and degree of insulin resistance. (B). Observational studies report that moderate alcohol intake may reduce the risk for diabetes, but the data do not support recommending alcohol consumption to individuals at risk of diabetes. low-fat diet consumption on cardiometabolic risk factors in subjects with abnormal glucose metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The DPP analysis indicated that lifestyle intervention was cost-effective ( 31 ), but other analyses suggest that the expected costs needed to be reduced ( 32 ). Harlan. Costanzo, Arturo Pujia, Daniela Foti, Antonio Brunetti, Elio Gulletta. It is recommended that a registered dietitian, knowledgeable and skilled in MNT, be the team member who plays the leading role in providing nutrition care. (2014) Early Effects of a Hypocaloric, Mediterranean Diet on Laboratory Parameters in Obese Individuals. Sucrose-containing foods can be substituted for other carbohydrates in the meal plan or, if added to the meal plan, covered with insulin or other glucose-lowering medications. When calculating carbohydrate content of foods containing sugar alcohols, subtraction of half the sugar alcohol grams from total carbohydrate grams is appropriate. Collins, R. Liu, G. In one study, those subjects with type 2 diabetes demonstrated a greater decrease in A1C with a low-carbohydrate diet than with a low-fat diet ( 20 ). Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 54, 593-610. The amount of carbohydrate ingested is usually the primary determinant of postprandial response, but the type of carbohydrate also affects this response. The glycemic loads of foods, meals, and diets are calculated by multiplying the glycemic index of the constituent foods by the amounts of carbohydrate in each food and then totaling the values for all foods. The Effect of Acai (Euterpe spp. Improvement in A1C without a significant increase in severe hypoglycemia was demonstrated, as were positive effects on quality of life, satisfaction with treatment, and psychological well-being, even though increases in the number of insulin injections and blood glucose tests were necessary. A. Although there are insufficient data at present to warrant any specific recommendations for prevention of type 2 diabetes in youth, it is reasonable to apply approaches demonstrated to be effective in adults, as long as nutritional needs for normal growth and development are maintained. CrossRef 75 Amanda Chaney. (E). (2016) Lifestyle modification for stroke prevention. Six times during the 2-year intervention, another dietitian conducted 10-to-15-minute motivational telephone calls with participants who were having difficulty adhering to the diets and gave a summary of each call to the group dietitian. The changes were significant (P Liver-Function Tests Changes in bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase levels were similar among the diet groups. Hite, Pamela Schoenfeld. CrossRef 111 Lionel Opie. Use of sugar alcohols as sweeteners reduces the risk of dental caries. A lipid and lipoprotein profile that reduces the risk for vascular disease. CrossRef 120 Roy Shephard. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 1-15. (2014) The association between carotid intima media thickness and individual dietary components and patterns. When completed, this study should provide insight into the effects of long-term weight loss on important clinical outcomes. Abstract Background Trials comparing the effectiveness and safety of weight-loss diets are frequently limited by short follow-up times and high dropout rates. Department of Health and Human Services. Although structured lifestyle programs have been effective when delivered in well-funded clinical trials, it is not clear how the results should be translated into clinical practice. CrossRef 183 Heinrich Kasper. The diet was based on the Atkins diet (see Supplementary Appendix 2 ). CrossRef 21 Naji Alamuddin, Thomas A. Two or more servings of fish per week (with the exception of commercially fried fish filets) ( 63, 64 ) can be recommended. The use of glycemic index and load may provide a modest additional benefit over that observed when total carbohydrate is considered alone. (2015) Effect of Changes in Food Groups Intake on Magnesium, Zinc, Copper, and Selenium Serum Levels During 2 Years of Dietary Intervention. Supported by the Nuclear Research Center Negev (NRCN), the Dr. (2016) Nutrition Interventions for Obesity. Li, Y. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 116:1, 129-147. CrossRef 98 Anna Arnoldi, Chiara Zanoni, Carmen Lammi, Giovanna Boschin. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 1, 201-213. Wadden. Schauss. (2014) Study design and protocol for a theory-based behavioral intervention focusing on maintenance of weight loss: The Maintenance After Initiation of Nutrition TrAINing (MAINTAIN) study. For intention-to-treat analyses, we included all 322 participants and used the most recent values for weight and blood pressure. Smith, Robert Ratner. Meta-analysis: the effect of dietary counseling for weight loss. (2016) Nutrition in Type 2 Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome. Fuller, M. In the Swedish Obese Subjects study, a 10-year follow-up of individuals undergoing bariatric surgery, 36% of subjects with diabetes had resolution of diabetes compared with 13% of matched control subjects ( 24 ). Plant sterol and stanol esters block the intestinal absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol. M. Callister. Assmann, P. The data from the few participants with diabetes are of interest, but we recognize that measurement of HOMA-IR is not an optimal method to assess insulin resistance among persons with diabetes. Food and nutrition interventions that reduce postprandial blood glucose excursions are important in this regard, since dietary carbohydrate is the major determinant of postprandial glucose levels. E. Nutrition. By testing pre- and postprandial glucose, many individuals use experience to evaluate and achieve postprandial glucose goals with a variety of foods. Ard, Gary Miller, Scott Kahan. Azagury, Claude Pichard. CrossRef 190 Marta Greco, Eusebio Chiefari, Tiziana Montalcini, Francesca Accattato, Francesco S. LDL cholesterol levels ( Figure 3C ) did not change significantly within groups, and there were no significant differences between the groups in the amount of change. To decrease the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) by promoting healthy food choices and physical activity leading to moderate weight loss that is maintained. (2014) Dietary Patterns May Sustain Weight Loss among Adults. Zhang. CrossRef 199 D. Chromium, other minerals, and herbs in diabetes management. (2016) Model Programs to Address Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease: Interventions for Suboptimal Nutrition and Sedentary Lifestyles. Dietary Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Urinary Ketones At baseline, there were no significant differences in the composition of the diets consumed by participants assigned to the low-fat, Mediterranean, and low-carbohydrate diets. No nutrition recommendation can be made for preventing type 1 diabetes. Before being allowed on the market, all underwent rigorous scrutiny and were shown to be safe when consumed by the public, including people with diabetes and women during pregnancy. CrossRef 85 Stanley Schwartz, Mary Herman. J. MNT is also an integral component of diabetes self-management education (or training). (B). 4% at 1 year and 84. Statistical Analysis For weight loss, the prespecified primary aim was the change in weight from baseline to 24 months. The model of intervention with the use of dietary group sessions, spousal support, food labels, and monthly weighing in the workplace within the framework of a health promotion campaign might yield weight reduction and long-term health benefits. and Veronica Atkins Research Foundation, and the S. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 35, 81-92. LaVertu, Ben Hoffman, Sai Krupa Das. Bazzano. Trimarco, C. 5 oz distilled spirits. Seeley, Tamara Darsow, Erika Gebel Berg, Steven R. (2016) Genetic variation of fasting glucose and changes in glycemia in response to 2-year weight-loss diet intervention: the POUNDS LOST trial. (E). (E). Studies in individuals with diabetes demonstrating the effects of specific percentages of dietary saturated and trans fatty acids and specific amounts of dietary cholesterol on plasma lipids are not available. In addition, available data do not support the use of antioxidant supplements for CVD risk reduction ( 74 ). (2016) Extracellular vesicles: Pharmacological modulators of the peripheral and central signals governing obesity. Physical activity and behavior modification are important components of weight loss programs and are most helpful in maintenance of weight loss. Rizkalla, J. Safford. (2016) Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in a Lebanese sample. Viguiliouk, L. G. Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements in Neurological and Brain Disease, 179-186. Because of the effects of obesity on insulin resistance, weight loss is an important therapeutic objective for individuals with pre-diabetes or diabetes ( 12 ). Weight loss with behavioral therapy alone also has been modest, and behavioral approaches may be most useful as an adjunct to other weight loss strategies. Prospective randomized clinical trials will be necessary to resolve this issue. CrossRef 145 Lu Qi. To date, research has not demonstrated that one method of assessing the relationship between carbohydrate intake and blood glucose response is better than other methods. Yancy. The self-service cafeteria in the workplace provided a varied menu and was the exclusive source of lunch for the participants. A number of studies in healthy individuals and in individuals with type 2 diabetes have demonstrated that glucose produced from ingested protein does not increase plasma glucose concentration but does produce increases in serum insulin responses ( 1, 66 ). The optimal macronutrient distribution of weight loss diets has not been established. Stoehr, Dominik Menhofer, Martin Bidlingmaier, Ellen Kienzle. (2014) Effect of diet on type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review. Laitner, Michael G. A systematic review of long-term randomised controlled trials presenting data for men and women: The ROMEO project. Foundations of Care: Education, Nutrition, Physical Activity, Smoking Cessation, Psychosocial Care, and Immunization. CrossRef 59 Norio Tada. (2014) The Fresh Start Effect: Temporal Landmarks Motivate Aspirational Behavior. Nash, Jochen Kressler. Individual variability in response to high-carbohydrate diets suggests that the plasma triglyceride response to dietary modification should be monitored carefully, particularly in the absence of weight loss. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58, e111-e113. , 93. Gray, K. Wood, C. For planned exercise, reduction in insulin dosage is the preferred method to prevent hypoglycemia ( 86 ). Reduced calorie sweeteners approved by the FDA include sugar alcohols (polyols) such as erythritol, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, tagatose, and hydrogenated starch hydrolysates. Nystrom, Michael J. Ha, A. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 00-00. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 45:3, 565-580. No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Gene-Diet Interaction and Weight Management. Ashraf. CrossRef 194 Antonio Paoli, Antonino Bianco, Keith Grimaldi, Alessandra Lodi, Gerardo Bosco. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 00-00. Further research is needed to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets ( 13 ). Therefore, these foods are important components of the diet for individuals with diabetes. Very-long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements have been shown to lower plasma triglyceride levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes who are hypertriglyceridemic. We used age, sex, time point, and diet group as explanatory variables in our models. (2014) The cardiometabolic consequences of replacing saturated fats with carbohydrates or. CrossRef 53 T. The Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet. Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 41-52. (2015) Effect of low-fat diet interventions versus other diet interventions on long-term weight change in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Corey, Naga Chalasani. This trial also suggests a model that might be applied more broadly in the workplace. Issues related to carbohydrate and glycemia have previously been extensively reviewed in American Diabetes Association reports and nutrition recommendations for the general public ( 1, 2, 22, 40, 45 ). Kromhout, L. Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. (2016) The Role of Macronutrient Content in the Diet for Weight Management. (2016) Two-year changes in circulating adiponectin, ectopic fat distribution and body composition in response to weight-loss diets: the POUNDS Lost Trial. Zheng, X. Riccardi, S. -B. However, other well-designed studies have failed to demonstrate any significant benefit of chromium supplementation in individuals with impaired glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes ( 79, 80 ). CrossRef 163 Michael Georgoulis, Meropi Kontogianni, Nikos Yiannakouris. Monitoring carbohydrate, whether by carbohydrate counting, exchanges, or experienced-based estimation remains a key strategy in achieving glycemic control. CrossRef 96 Ulf Elbelt, Tatjana Schuetz, Nina Knoll, Silke Burkert. Hu. Nutritional management of glycaemia in Type 2 diabetes. CrossRef 13 W Ma, T Huang, M Wang, Y Zheng, T Wang, Y Heianza, D Sun, S R Smith, G A Bray, F M Sacks, L Qi. Poli. Carmen Martinez, Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina. These are acesulfame potassium, aspartame, neotame, saccharin, and sucralose. Mechanick. (2016) Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for Japanese (2015) and Dietary Management of Risk Factors for Lifestyle-related Diseases. NUTRITION RECOMMENDATIONS AND INTERVENTIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF DIABETES (PRIMARY PREVENTION) Recommendations. Thus, weight loss is recommended for all such individuals who have or are at risk for diabetes. Therefore, because of a lack of specific information, it is recommended that the dietary goals for individuals with diabetes be the same as for individuals with preexisting CVD, since the two groups appear to have equivalent cardiovascular risk. There is no clear evidence of benefit from vitamin or mineral supplementation in people with diabetes (compared with the general population) who do not have underlying deficiencies. Pozzilli. CrossRef 110 Ofra Paz-Tal, Ayala Canfi, Rachel Marko, Esther Katorza, Zeev Karpas, Iris Shai, Dan Schwarzfuchs, Einat K. However, heavy consumption of alcohol (greater than three drinks per day), may be associated with increased incidence of diabetes ( 42 ). CrossRef 78 Pamela Dyson. Tsoukas, Elpida Frantzeskou, Justin Yang, Stefanos N. CrossRef 112 Alexander G. Yancy. Ammerman. CrossRef 115 Denis Lairon. (2015) Controversies in fat perception. (A). (2014) Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes. Outcomes The participants were weighed without shoes to the nearest 0. However, at 1 year, the difference in weight loss between the low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets was not significant and weight loss was modest with both diets. K. For those individuals seeking guidance as to macronutrient distribution in healthy adults, the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) may be helpful ( 22 ). For unplanned exercise, extra carbohydrate may be needed. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. CrossRef 178 Adana AM Llanos, Jessica L Krok, Juan Peng, Michael L Pennell, Susan Olivo-Marston, Mara Z Vitolins, Cecilia R DeGraffinreid, Electra D Paskett. However, evidence is lacking to recommend a higher fiber intake for people with diabetes than for the population as a whole. Organization, delivery, and funding of lifestyle interventions are all issues that must be addressed. If individuals choose to use alcohol, intake should be limited to a moderate amount (less than one drink per day for adult women and less than two drinks per day for adult men). CrossRef 55 Maciej Niewada, Patrik Michel. (E). Therefore, protein should not be